A class of human beings that has formed an integral part of Muslim society up to the present day is that of the slaves. [the Prophet] Muhammad took over the slavery system, upon which ancient society was based, seemingly without question and regarding it as part of the natural order of the universe. His injunctions recommending humane treatment of slaves and making it meritorious to emancipate them indicate that he intended some amelioration in their condition, but neither from the Quran nor from the ‘Traditions’ [Hadith] is it possible to infer that the abolition of slavery was intended.” (Reuben Levy, “The Social Structure of Islam”)
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Slaves could be acquired in war, by purchase, gift or inheritance. African slaves were considered quite valuable and typically came from Central Africa. They would be sold in the slave markets at Fezzan in Libya and Upper Egypt or might have been brought to Mecca during the time of the pilgrimage and sold there. From the 16th century, Egypt and most of the Arabian Peninsula were under Ottoman control and in the 17th century, the Ottomans took over the Fezzan region. That gave them greater access to African slaves. Perhaps as much of Istanbul’s population as 20 percent consisted of slaves, although we have no idea of what percentage would have been Africans. Most moderately well-to-do families would be able to afford a slave to handle basic chores, but the rarity of blacks in Istanbul would have ensured that only the wealthy could own one.
Under Islamic law, the slave had to be provided with shelter, clothing, food and medical care, while freeing a slave was considered an act of piety. Slaves could even take their owner to court. There are stories of slaves being freed and given the wherewithal to start a new life, although he or she might prefer to stay with their former master or mistress than tackle the difficulties of living alone in a foreign city. Where Africans were concerned, returning to Central Africa was not a solution; he or she would have been sold when they were very young – 10-12 years of age and it was unlikely they would ever make it back to their original homes. He or she was most often considered a part of the family. They could buy their own homes and even marry, provided they had the permission of their owners. If the owner were to take a female black slave as his concubine, he might free her and make her his wife. If she bore him a son, even while a slave, the boy would be considered free. The children of a slave father and mother were considered slaves even though the owner had given permission for the marriage.
If any owner treated a slave cruelly and it came to the attention of the authorities, that person might be punished. For example, if he withheld food, the court might have the owner’s property sold to provide the necessary nourishment. Or he might be sent into exile, in cases that were not very serious, being exiled from Istanbul was sufficient, since Istanbul was the center of Ottoman civilization.